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Electronic configuration of atoms

comes from: quantum numbers

Once you know how to describe the electrons need to know how to sort the atom. To do so, exposed the Pauli exclusion principle , for which two electrons can have the same quantum numbers. Thus, there can be no more than two electrons in one orbital. Of the 4 quantum numbers, 3 of them describe the specific orbital, while the fourth is referred only to the electron (spin up / spin down).

and electrons are occupying each orbital, from the lowest energy at most.

traditionally to refer to a particular orbital, you specify the main number n, followed by a letter that represents the azimuthal number l:

To l = 0 , point s
To l = 1, point p
To l = 2, letter d
To l = 3, point f

Does not specify the number and m s as they are orbit equivalent to each other, which have equal energy and are only observed when a magnetic field, Zeeman effect.

order to know the energy that filled orbitals used a "recipe " builds a table of the orbital, and join with arrows like this:

This prescription, ordering is as follows: 1s 2s

2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p ...

Electrons will fill these orbitals, and until it filled one, do not start the next. For example, an atom of Sodium (Na), with 11 electrons, it begins to fill the 1s orbital with two electrons. The next two are placed in layer 2s. In the layer fit 2p 6 electrons, as well attend 3 orbital energy (for m =- 1, m = 0 and m = 1), and the last electron is placed in the 3s orbital. When writing the electron configuration is indicated with a superscript the number of electrons there. The configuration of sodium is:

[Na] = 1s 2 ^{2s 2 2p} 6 3s 1

The 3s orbital has still room for one more electron. The same happens to the atoms of Hydrogen, Lithium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium and Francium: Its external orbital is an orbital s , and has room for one more electron. This gives them some chemical properties similar to them. Other atoms have in common other orbitals, and therefore have other properties.

The periodic table of elements the atoms ordered according to their electronic configuration, which gives them their chemical properties. Currently, the table comes up just past the element 105, whose external orbital (which is still being filled) is 5f.